Relación entre ascaris lumbricoides, saneamiento ambiental , ingreso económico y desnutrición en los niños de 0-4 años beneficiarios del programa de crecimiento y desarrollo del Ministerio de Salud Pública, San Pedro Sula, Cortés, Honduras, C.A.

Tesis (Maestría en Salud Pública con Espacialidad en Nutrición Comunitaría) UANL

Imunoglobulina e e eosinófilos em crianças de área tropical, infectadas por ascaris lumbricoides

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Cross-reactive IgE antibody responses to tropomyosins from Ascaris lumbricoides and cockroach

Background: Evidence indicates that infection with Ascaris lumbricoides may promote development of allergy and asthma.Objective: To study the role of tropomyosin, a pan-allergen in invertebrates, in IgE responses to A lumbricoides.Methods: Recombinant A lumbricoides and Periplaneta americana tropomyosins were expressed in Pichia pastoris. Levels of IgE to tropomyosins from A lumbricoides and P americana were determined by chimeric ELISA in sera from 119 children living in a parasite-endemic area and 112 patients with cockroach allergy from the allergy clinics. Presence of tropomyosin in A lumbricoides larvae at L3 stage was evaluated by immunofluorescence using mAb IA6, directed against mite tropomyosin. Molecular modeling of P americana and A lumbricoides tropomyosins was performed by using the MODELLER program.Results: A lumbricoides tropomyosin showed 69% to 98% sequence identity to tropomyosins from other invertebrates. The predicted structure of A lumbricoides tropomyosin was similar to that of P americana tropomyosin and showed the characteristic coiled-coil structure. Strong correlation was found for IgE antibodies to tropomyosins from A lumbricoides and P americana in sera from children living in a parasite-endemic area and from patients with cockroach allergy. Larvae of A lumbricoides reacted strongly with mAb IA6.Conclusion: Tropomyosin induces IgE responses in A lumbricoides-infected children and in patients allergic to cockroach.

Histone H4 mRNA from the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides is cis-spliced and polyadenylated.

A histone H4 gene from Ascaris lumbricoides contains an intron of approx. 2040 bp. Transcripts of the gene are spliced and polyadenylated. This is the first intron-containing H4 gene described for a metazoan. Notably, H4 mRNA from another nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is intron-less and lacks poly A (Roberts, S.B., Emmons, S.W. and Childs, G. (1989) J. Mol. Biol. 206, 567-577).

Health education and the control of intestinal worm infections in China : a new vision

Background: The transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is associated with poverty, poor hygiene behaviour, lack of clean water and inadequate waste disposal and sanitation. Periodic administration of benzimidazole drugs is the mainstay for global STH control but it does not prevent re-infection, and is unlikely to interrupt transmission as a stand-alone intervention. Findings: We reported recently on the development and successful testing in Hunan province, PR China, of a health education package to prevent STH infections in Han Chinese primary school students. We have recently commenced a new trial of the package in the ethnically diverse Xishuangbanna autonomous prefecture in Yunnan province and the approach is also being tested in West Africa, with further expansion into the Philippines in 2015. Conclusions: The work in China illustrates well the direct impact that health education can have in improving knowledge and awareness, and in changing hygiene behaviour. Further, it can provide insight into the public health outcomes of a multi-component integrated control program, where health education prevents re-infection and periodic drug treatment reduces prevalence and morbidity.

Mapping the risk of soil-transmitted helminthic infections in the Philippines

Background In order to increase the efficient allocation of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) disease control resources in the Philippines, we aimed to describe for the first time the spatial variation in the prevalence of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm across the country, quantify the association between the physical environment and spatial variation of STH infection and develop predictive risk maps for each infection. Methodology/Principal Findings Data on STH infection from 35,573 individuals across the country were geolocated at the barangay level and included in the analysis. The analysis was stratified geographically in two major regions: 1) Luzon and the Visayas and 2) Mindanao. Bayesian geostatistical models of STH prevalence were developed, including age and sex of individuals and environmental variables (rainfall, land surface temperature and distance to inland water bodies) as predictors, and diagnostic uncertainty was incorporated. The role of environmental variables was different between regions of the Philippines. This analysis revealed that while A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections were widespread and highly endemic, hookworm infections were more circumscribed to smaller foci in the Visayas and Mindanao. Conclusions/Significance This analysis revealed significant spatial variation in STH infection prevalence within provinces of the Philippines. This suggests that a spatially targeted approach to STH interventions, including mass drug administration, is warranted. When financially possible, additional STH surveys should be prioritized to high-risk areas identified by our study in Luzon.

Caracterización de las enfermedades monitoreadas por el sistema de vigilancia de salud animal en bovinos del municipio de Camoapa en el periodo 2011- 2014

La investigación se realizó en el municipio de Camoapa departamento de Boaco. El objetivo fue Caracterizar las enfermedades monitoreadas por el sistema de vigilancia de salud animal (SIVE) en bovinos del municipio en el periodo 2011–2014. El trabajo consistió en determinar la presencia, distribución temporal y espacial así como el comportamiento de las enfermedades zoonóticas, analizando los datos obtenidos de la base de datos del SIVE del Instituto de Protección y Sanidad Agropecuaria (IPSA) entre el 2011-2014, obtenidas de los reportes realizados por el médico veterinario de Camoapa. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal (retrospectivo) donde se evaluó el comportamiento de las enfermedades en el período. El procesamiento estadístico de las variables e indicadores se realizó utilizando el programa Microsoft Exel 2010. Los resultados derivados del análisis demostraron una presencia de agentes infecciosos como: Áscari 37.50%, Babesia spp. 5.60%, Brucellla spp 0.04%, Coccidia spp. 47.75%, Escherichia coli (E. coli) 100%, Rinot raqueítis infecciosa bovina (RIV/VPI) 100%, Paratuberculosis 100%, Trichostrongilosis 77.7%, La distribución en el periodo en estudio (2011–2014) fue: en el año 2011 de 6% de los casos, en el 2012 de 54%, 2013 de 23% y en el 2014 de 16% de un total de 111 casos. El año 2012 se identificó con mayores índices de muestras positivas, con el 54%, en la distribución por mes el año, 2011 en el mes de julio se encontró una mayor distribución con el 86%, en el 2012 en Marzo con 42% y en 2013 nuevamente en Marzo con 38% y para el año 2014 en septiembre con 56% de presencia de enfermedades, la distribución espacial demuestra que la comarca Bijagua presento 18% de casos y Zarrigo 15% de los casos en el periodo 2011-2014. En la distribución por año, Platanar norte se encontró una mayor distribución con el 100% en el 2012, Zarrigo con 27% en 2013 Tolinapa con 38% y para el 2014 Matamba con 44% de los casos. Se concluye que se identificó presencia de agentes infecciosos productores de enfermedades importantes para el consumidor, como: bacterias del genero Brucella spp., Escherichia coli, y parásitos nematodos como trichostrongylus, Áscaris y protozoarios como Coccidia Spp. Se recomienda elaborar un diseño muestreal para determinar la prevalencia real de la enfermedades en el municipio, ya que hay enfermedades que son de notificación obligatoria para la OIE, el involucramiento de los productores en mantener el estatus sanitario del municipio al notificar los problemas sanitarios con respecto a las enfermedades zoonóticas e implementar calendarios sanitarios, así como llenar registros de control sanitario, además de incorporar el municipio a los programas de trazabilidad bovina y certificación de hatos libres de brucelosis y tuberculosis.

A coprological survey of parasites of wild mantled howling monkeys, Alouatta palliata palliata.

Fecal samples from 155 mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata palliata) examined at Centro Ecologico La Pacifica, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, revealed 75 (48%) had parasitic infections. A sampling of nine howling monkeys from Santa Rosa National Park. Costa Rica indicated only one infected animal (11%). Only three of 19 (16%) spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) also from Santa Rosa were infected. Controrchis biliophilus, Trypanoxyuris minutus, unidentified strongylid eggs and Isospora sp. oocysts were found. Three monkeys from La Pacifica died and were examined for adult helminths. They were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, C. biliophilus and T. minutus.

Prevalência de parasitas intestinais em crianças a frequentar a escola primária no Bairro Lucrécia, no Lubango, Angola, e sua relação com o estado nutricional e anemia

Introdução: Os parasitas intestinais são responsáveis por morbilidade em crianças de todo mundo, em especial nos países de baixa renda. Os estudos têm vindo a demonstrar o seu impacto negativo no estado nutricional e o seu contributo na etiologia da anemia. Pretendeu-se determinar a prevalência de parasitas intestinais em crianças dos 5 aos 12 anos de idade, a frequentar a escola primária no Bairro Lucrécia, no Lubango, Angola, e explorar a sua relação com o estado nutricional e anemia. Material e Métodos: Foi efectuado um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, cuja colheita de dados se realizou entre Setembro e Outubro de 2010. A amostra foi constituída por 328 crianças. Realizou-se a detecção microscópica de parasitas intestinais e identificação molecular dos parasitas Entamoeba histolytica e Entamoeba dispar. O estado nutricional foi avaliado através dos z-scores do peso para a idade, da estatura para a idade e do IMC para a idade. A concentração de hemoglobina foi determinada através de um hemoglobinómetro portátil. Resultados: A prevalência de parasitas intestinais patogénicos foi de 44,2%, destacando-se Ascaris lumbricoides com 22,0%, Giardia lamblia com 20,1% e Hymenolepis nana com 8,8%. Na microscopia foi encontrada uma prevalência de Entamoeba histolytica/dispar de 13,7%, tendo sido posteriormente identificada, por diagnóstico molecular, uma prevalência de 13,1% para E. dispar e 0,3% para E. histolytica. A prevalência de baixo peso, subnutrição crónica e subnutrição aguda foi de, respectivamente, 36,1%, 41,5% e 30,2%. A probabilidade das crianças terem subnutrição crónica ou subnutrição aguda aumentou com o facto de terem 10 anos ou mais. As crianças co-infectadas por protozoários e helmintas apresentaram uma maior probabilidade de terem subnutrição crónica. A prevalência de anemia foi de 21,6%, encontrando-se a mesma significativamente associada à infecção por H. nana. A probabilidade das crianças estarem anémicas aumentou com o facto de terem menos de 10 anos. Adicionalmente nas crianças desparasitadas com albendazol ou mebendazol há 2 meses e meio ou menos verificou-se uma maior prevalência de infecção por G. lamblia (28,6%) em comparação com as desparasitadas há mais de 2 meses e meio (13,7%), tendo sido essa diferença estatisticamente significativa. Discussão e Conclusões: Emergiu deste estudo a importância da co-infecção com helmintas e protozoários no aumento da probabilidade das crianças terem subnutrição crónica e foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a infecção por H. nana e a anemia. Será importante desenhar futuros estudos que investiguem o poder patogénico do H. nana e o modo como é efectuada a desparasitação com albendazol ou mebendazol, pois ao ser eficaz contra a infecção por A. lumbricoides, poderá aumentar a susceptibilidade à infecção por G. lamblia.

Risk Factors for Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections in Schoolchildren from Rural Communities in Honduras

Background: Honduras is endemic for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. However, knowledge gaps remain in terms of risk factors involved in STH transmission and infection intensity. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and intensity of STH infections in schoolchildren living in rural Honduras. Additionally, to investigate risk factors associated with STH infections. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among Honduran rural schoolchildren, in 2011. Demographic and epidemiological data were obtained and STH infections were determined using Kato-Katz method. Results: A total of 320 children completed the study. Overall and specific prevalences for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms were 72.5%, 30%, 67% and 16%, respectively. Several risk factors associated with STH transmission and infection intensity were identified at the individual and familial level as well as at the schools. Conclusions: Improving hygienic conditions and providing semi-annual deworming treatment are feasible interventions that could enhance undergoing STH control activities.

Soil-Transmitted Helminths, Poverty, and Malnutrition in Honduran Children Living in Remote Rural Communities

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are endemic in Honduras, but their prevalence according to the levels of poverty in the population has not been examined. The present cross-sectional study is aimed to determine the role of different levels of poverty in STH prevalence and infection intensity as well as the potential associations of STH infections with malnutrition and anemia. Research participants were children attending a medical brigade serving remote communities in Northern Honduras in June 2014. Demographic data were obtained, and poverty levels were determined using the unsatisfied basic needs method. STH infections were investigated by the Kato-Katz method; hemoglobin concentrations were determined with the HemoCue system; and stunting, thinness, and underweight were determined by anthropometry. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Among 130 children who participated in this study, a high prevalence (69.2%) of parasitism was found and the poorest children were significantly more infected than those living in less poor communities (79.6% vs. 61.8%; P = 0.030). Prevalence rates of Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworms were 69.2%, 12.3%, and 3.85%, respectively. In total, 69% of children had anemia and 30% were stunted. Households’ earthen floor and lack of latrines were associated with infection. Greater efforts should be made to reduce STH prevalence and improve overall childhood health, in particular, among the poorest children lacking the basic necessities of life.

Relación entre la evolución de la curva ponderal de niños de 1 a 4 años de edad y su respuesta al tratamiento antiparasitario a base de planta local y farmacológico Matlapa, Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosí, México [por] Marie Lourdes Dennery Museau

Tesis (Maestría en Salud Pública con Especialidad en Nutrición Comunitaria) U.A.N.L.

Direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins from diverse plant sources against Ascaris suum

Ascaris suum is one of the most prevalent nematode parasites in pigs and causes significant economic losses, and also serves as a good model for A. lumbricoides, the large roundworm of humans that is ubiquitous in developing countries and causes malnutrition, stunted growth and compromises immunity to other pathogens. New treatment options for Ascaris infections are urgently needed, to reduce reliance on the limited number of synthetic anthelmintic drugs. In areas where Ascaris infections are common, ethno-pharmacological practices such as treatment with natural plant extracts are still widely employed. However, scientific validation of these practices and identification of the active compounds are lacking, although observed effects are often ascribed to plant secondary metabolites such as tannins. Here, we extracted, purified and characterised a wide range of condensed tannins from diverse plant sources and investigated anthelmintic effects against A. suum in vitro. We show that condensed tannins can have potent, direct anthelmintic effects against A. suum, as evidenced by reduced migratory ability of newly hatched third-stage larvae and reduced motility and survival of fourth-stage larvae recovered from pigs. Transmission electron microscopy showed that CT caused significant damage to the cuticle and digestive tissues of the larvae. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the strength of the anthelmintic effect is related to the polymer size of the tannin molecule. Moreover, the identity of the monomeric structural units of tannin polymers may also have an influence as gallocatechin and epigallocatechin monomers exerted significant anthelmintic activity whereas catechin and epicatechin monomers did not. Therefore, our results clearly document direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins against Ascaris and encourage further in vivo investigation to determine optimal strategies for the use of these plant compounds for the prevention and/or treatment of ascariosis.

IgA sérica, secretora, IgE total e estado nutricional em crianças com infecções por enteroparasitas

Infections for intestinal parasites are one of the main morbidade causes in humans and, its relationships with socioeconomic levels and hygiene conditions in countries in development are already very established. Many works, even so, they are being accomplished to elucidate the complex interactions among nutrition, these infections and answer imunológica, because it is seen that malnutrition commits the immunity increasing the susceptibilidade for infectious diseases and these for its time can harm the state human nutricional. It is known that sponge helmínticos they stimulate synthesis of IgE so much policlonal as specific for the same ones and that IgA secretora, main imunoglobulina of defense of the mucous ones, can act against protozoa as the Giardia lamblia and against helmintos as Trichuris tichiura and Strongyloides stercorales. Some studies show that the malnutrition energy protéica influences in the production of these answers, but some authors show results divergentes. In this work it was evaluated the levels of total IgE, IgA sérica and secretora, contagem of sanguine eosinófilos, levels of proteins séricas and state nutricional, in 103 children of low socioeconomic level, to discover a correlation between those and infection for enteroparasitas. They participated in the study children of both sexes, with age of 3 to 6 years, visitors of the same creche and residents in a neighborhood with precarious hygiene conditions and basic saneamento, in the city of Christmas. The obtained results showed that the faulty environmental and socioeconomic conditions favored to a high infection frequency for enteroparasitas, mainly Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides between the helmintos and Endolimax sleep and Giárdia lamblia among the protozoa. Light malnutrition without deficit protéico was observed in 30% of the children, which didn't also present significant deficiencies of IgA sérica and secretora. The sponged children